Open Access
Issue
EPJ Appl. Metamat.
Volume 8, 2021
Article Number 13
Number of page(s) 6
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/epjam/2021008
Published online 27 May 2021

© X. Chen et al., Published by EDP Sciences, 2021

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Introduction

Metamaterials have the ability to control electromagnetic waves that natural materials cannot possess [1], such as negative refraction [24], imaging [5,6], cloaking [7,8], etc. The unique deep sub-wavelength characteristics enable metamaterials to achieve smaller size and work at lower frequency [911]. Nowadays, metamaterials play an important role in controlling near-field electromagnetic waves, which gives optical microcavities or waveguides broader application prospects [1215]. Especially, the local magnetic field control has been studied by the toroidal metamaterial in which the magnetic field is guided in local resonators [16,17]. At present, with the gradual development of near-field technology, a very important issue—magnetic shielding has attracted people's attention. The global QI standard of Wireless Power Consortium requires that the frequency range of wireless power transfer (WPT) is from 100 kHz to 205 kHz. Based on this fact, although metal can shield the magnetic field, the generated eddy currents may cause serious heating effects. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of the international radio frequency electromagnetic exposure standard [1820], people usually use ferrite materials or ferrites covered with a metal [2125]. But this makes the equipment very bulky and expensive. Recently, mu-near-zero (MNZ) media have been utilized in magnetic near-field control. For example, reference [26] reported the use of MNZ media as absorbers at GHz frequencies. Reference [27] proposed the MNZ media for magnetic shielding at MHz frequency, in which the MNZ media is considered as a near-field reflector. However, MNZ media can only achieve ideal shielding at oblique incidence. Once at normal incidence, there is some magnetic transmission between metamaterial units [27]. And this phenomenon has been observed in the simulated magnetic field results, which directly reduce the shielding effectiveness (SE).

It is worth noting that diamagnetic materials or structures with negative susceptibility have the magnetic shielding effects. High permeability materials can control the magnetic path [2831]. For example, a shell structure composed of YBCO and ferrite materials, which can be used for magnetic cloaking from dc to 250 kHz [28], and the diamagnetic interface of the active structure also achieves ideal magnetic cloaking [30]. On the other hand, at room temperature, a copper spherical shell structure with equivalent negative susceptibility has similar diamagnetic properties to YBCO in a specific frequency [29]. Similarly, if the MNZ media satisfies the equivalent negative susceptibility (χ < 0), it can be regarded as a diamagnetic interface. More importantly, one can provide an optimal magnetic path for the transmitted magnetic field of the MNZ media by using high permeability materials such as ferrite.

For MNZ media, it only supports normal incidence electromagnetic wave transmission, while oblique incidence electromagnetic wave will be totally reflected [27]. This characteristic also directly leads to the diamagnetism of MNZ media, which can enhance the magnetic shielding effect. To improve the SE at normal incidence, we propose a composite metamaterial which combines the MNZ media with a ferrite to optimize the magnetic path and reduce the transmission of magnetic field. Compared with a single MNZ media or a single ferrite material, the significant enhancement of SE is realized by the composite metamaterial composed of the MNZ media and a patterned ferrite. And it has a lighter weight compared with a single ferrite material. Furthermore, in the composite metamaterial, compared with the bulk ferrite slab, the patterned ferrite slab not only has a higher SE, but also greatly reduces the amount of ferrite used. This shows that the patterned ferrite can accurately provide an ideal magnetic path for the transmitted magnetic field of the MNZ media. Therefore, this kind of composite metamaterials would be very useful in the applications of magnetic shielding.

2 Results and discussion

The scheme of the non-resonant near-field system in the experiment is shown in Figure 1f. The Tx/Rx coils are made of litz wire with a diameter of 6 mm and the number of the turns is 10. The outer length of the coil is L2 = 150 mm, and the inner length L3 = 150 mm. The two coils are placed symmetrically along the axis, and the distance between each other is S = 150 mm. Then, port 1 and port 2 are connected to the vector network analyzer (Agilent PNA Network Analyzer E5071C). Regarding the design of the metamaterial unit, we choose a pre-pressed 0.1 × 20 litz wire as the basic element. As shown in Figure 1a, each unit contains four disks with a total thickness h of 2 mm. The details are shown in Figure 1b. The side length L of the unit is 53 mm. The thickness of the outer insulating layer of a single wire is 0.055 mm, thus, the width w of the inner copper is 0.57 mm, and the gap g between the copper is 0.11 mm. Then, the wire is tightly wound to form a disc with 38 turns and a radius of 26 mm. Next, we glue the discs together with polyacrylate adhesive. Here, we chose a CBB non-polar capacitor with a thickness of 2 mm and a capacitance of 8.2 nF as the tuning element. In this case, the thickness of the metamaterial is not enlarged. Finally, the pin a and b of the capacitor is connected to the terminal 2 and 3 by soldering, respectively, and the other terminal 1 is connected to the terminal 4 so that all components form a closed LC resonant circuit (the circuit of the unit is shown in Fig. 1 of Supplementary material). However, the diamagnetic effect comes from the mode (tangential wave vector) mismatch between the metamaterial and the environment. When the incident angle is smaller than the critical angle, the magnetic field will transmit through the MNZ media at normal incidence [27]. To this end, we design a composite metamaterial composed of the MNZ media and a ferrite to improve SE (the parameters of the commercial ferrite are shown in Fig. 2 of Supplementary material). As shown in Figure 1d, the size of the bulk ferrite is 53 mm × 53 mm × 2 mm, where L = 53 mm, h = 2 mm. Therefore, the total side length of the shielding is 159 mm and the total thickness is 4 mm. This scheme can only shield a small area close to the back of the bulk ferrite slab (Fig. 3d). In order to further achieve a wider range of magnetic shielding, we precisely optimized the path of the transmitted magnetic field between the units by changing the bulk ferrite of MNZ media into a patterned ferrite. In our design, commercially available ferrite materials with the same parameters are used. The patterned ferrite is composed of small ferrite pieces with the size of 20 mm × 8 mm × 2 mm. The outer side length is L = 53 mm, the inner side length is L1 = 41 mm, and the thickness is h = 2 mm (Fig. 1e). The total side length and total thickness of the two composite metamaterials are the same. Moreover, we also set up a single ferrite slab with the same thickness as the composite metamaterial. The parameters of the ferrite material are the same as above. The total side length of the final shielding body is still 159 mm, and the total thickness is still 4 mm (Fig. 1c). Subsequently, the model of the samples is established in the commercial CST Studio Suite simulation software. Generally, it is difficult to model a wire with a multi-strands structure in the software because of a huge amount of calculation. Therefore, a single strand of copper wire is used instead of multiple strands of litz wire (the simulation model of the samples is shown in Fig. 3 of Supplementary material).

According to the effective medium theory, the permeability of the MNZ metamaterials can be written as [21,27]: μ = 1 F ω 2 ω 2 ω r 2 + j ω γ (1)where F is the structural factor, ω is the frequency, ωr is the resonance frequency of the metamaterial, and γ is the loss. Since χ = μ − 1, the susceptibility needs to satisfy [29]: χ = F ω 2 ω 2 ω r 2 + j ω γ < 0 (2)where F, ω, ωr and γ are positive, so long as ω 2 ω r 2 + j ω γ > 0 , that is, when the frequency is greater than resonance and the loss is negligible, the metamaterial is diamagnetic. Then, we obtained the permeability of the metamaterial as shown in Figure 2a according to the effective medium theory [32,33]. The related parameters are F = 0.23, r = 2.1 kHz, and ωr = 72.5 kHz. Subsequently, we observe that the structure has a negative susceptibility as shown by the gray area in Figure 2b.

Next, we describe the equivalent diamagnetic mechanism of metamaterials in detail by comparing the relationship between SE and susceptibility. As the frequency increases from 83 kHz, the SE begins to be greater than zero, as shown in Figure 4a. Meanwhile, the susceptibility at 83 kHz is negative and the imaginary part is near zero, that is, χ′ = − 1, χ″ = 0.05 (see the black dotted box of Fig. 2b), which reflects the diamagnetic property. As the frequency increases to 86.23 kHz, the real part of the susceptibility χ′ = − 0.9 and the imaginary part χ″ = 0.02. The loss is further reduced and the SE reaches the maximum value of 17.23 dB, as shown in Figure 5a. In the experiment and simulation, we get the shielding effectiveness (SE) through the same method. Firstly, the transmission t1 is measured directly by fixing the coils of TX and Rx. Secondly, the transmission coefficient t2 can be obtained by placing shielding material in the center of Tx and Rx. Finally, the shielding effectiveness is obtained as SE = − 10log10 (t2 − t1) [27]. However, when the frequency is higher than 86.23 kHz, although the imaginary part is negligible, the real part of the susceptibility gradually approaches zero. The diamagnetic performance gradually weakens and the SE gradually decreases.

In order to more intuitively describe the magnetic shielding mechanism of different samples, four samples are positioned between a pair of Tx/Rx coils separated by a distance s and aligned coaxially, respectively. As shown in the schematic diagram on the left in Figure 3. First, we layer the magnetic field in space, and then select three field slices related to the location of the unit (The center position of the unit x = 0 mm, the 1/4 position of the unit x = 13.25 mm, and the boundary position of the unit x = 26.5 mm). Here, for the non-resonant system and the single ferrite slab, the selected observation frequency is 86.23 kHz. For the other samples, the maximum SE was selected as the observation frequency, respectively. As shown in Figure 3a, all the three slices show a strong magnetic field near the Rx coil. When the metamaterial is added to the system, as shown in Figure 3b, in the slice with x = 0 mm, the magnetic field near the Rx coil is significantly weaker than before. With the change of the slice position (x = 13.25 mm and 26.5 mm), a penetrating magnetic field appears between the units. In order to make up for this shortcoming, considering that ferrite materials have the ability to control the magnetic path [28,29], we propose a method to construct a composite metamaterial composed of the MNZ media and a bulk ferrite, as shown in Figure 3d. The maximum SE of this composite metamaterial is 15.92 dB at 75.8 kHz. On the contrary, compared with the MNZ media, the maximum SE is reduced by 1.3 dB (see Fig. 5a). By comparing Figure 3b and d, after covering the ferrite slab, although the magnetic field is effectively suppressed in a small area near the shielding zone, the severe magnetic flux leakage occurred near the Rx coil. Considering the actual application scenarios, the Tx/Rx coils in the system cannot meet the requirements for accurate placement, and the size of the coils cannot be determined. Therefore, it is more desirable to effectively shield a wider area away from the shielding body. However, magnetic shielding cannot be enhanced by blocking or isolating only with ferrite. Therefore, to achieve a precise control of the transmitted magnetic field of metamaterials, it is necessary to construct interfaces with a permeability distribution [29,30]. As a result, we design a patterned ferrite based on the structural characteristics of the metamaterial, as shown in Figure 3e. It is a grid structure with square holes. The ferrite part of the grid is aligned at the boundary of the metamaterial unit, and the hole area corresponds to the position of the metamaterial unit. Compared with Figure 3b, it can be found that the penetrating magnetic field between the MNZ media units disappears after the patterned ferrite is introduced. Similarly, compared with Figure 3d, the magnetic leakage at the position of the Rx coil is perfectly suppressed by adding a patterned ferrite. This achieves a higher degree of freedom and a larger magnetic shielding zone. As shown in Figure 5a, the maximum SE of the composite metamaterial with a patterned ferrite at 85.5 kHz is 21.94 dB, which is about 4.7 dB higher than the MNZ media and nearly 6 dB higher than the composite metamaterial with a bulk ferrite. In addition, the SE of a single ferrite slab of the same thickness as the composite metamaterial is always only 4 dB. The field results in Figure 3c show that only a small part of the magnetic field is blocked, and most of the magnetic field transmits. Especially, the main limitations of composite metamaterial to achieve efficient shielding is the quality factor of resonance unit. If the quality factor of resonance unit increases, the shielding effect can be more significant.

Subsequently, the experimental results show that the max-imum SE of the composite metamaterial with a patterned ferrite is 20.56 dB at 82.25 kHz. This is even nearly 19 dB higher than the single ferrite slab with the same thickness. Compared with MNZ media, the introduction of patterned ferrite can increase the maximum SE by 2.3 dB. In addition, the maximum SE of the composite metamaterial with a patterned ferrite is 2.7 dB higher than that of the composite metamaterial with a bulk ferrite (see Fig. 5b). This fully shows that the patterned ferrite can accurately provide an ideal path for the transmitted magnetic field of the MNZ media. Further, by comparing Figures 5a and 5b, it can be seen that the SE of the simulation is slightly wider than the bandwidth obtained from the experiment. Obviously, litz wire makes the metamaterial have lower loss characteristics than the single-turn copper wire. In addition, although the working frequency band in this work is relatively narrow, we can design and consider multiple resonance modes in the future, which can further broaden the working frequency band [27].

thumbnail Fig. 1

The schematic diagram of the experimental samples. (a) MNZ media, the total thickness is h. (b) MNZ metamaterial unit. The side length of the unit is L, and the radius of each single disc is r. The width of the copper is w, the gap is g. The pin a and b of the capacitor is connected to the terminal 2 and 3 by soldering, respectively, and the other terminal 1 is connected to the terminal 4. (c) A single ferrite slab. The side length of each bulk is L. The thickness of the slab is 2h. (d) Composite metamaterials with a bulk ferrite. For each ferrite bulk, the side length is L, the thickness is h. (e) Composite metamaterials with a patterned ferrite. For patterned ferrite, the outer length is L, the inner length L1, and the thickness is h. (f) Non-resonant system. The Tx coil is the same as the Rx coil, the outer length is L2, the inner length is L3. The distance between them is S.

thumbnail Fig. 2

(a) Permeability of the MNZ media. At 86.23 kHz, μ′0.1,  μ″0.02 (zoomed view box). (b) Susceptibility of the MNZ media. At 86.23 kHz, χ′ = − 0.9,  χ″ = 0.02 (zoomed view box). The gray area indicates that the diamagnetic properties start from 83 kHz.

thumbnail Fig. 3

The scheme of the simulation and the magnetic field results. Since (a) and (c) are non-resonant, the same frequency as (b) was chosen to observe the magnetic field. For other samples, the magnetic field at the frequency of maximum SE is shown. The left side is a scheme of each comparison. Starting from the gray dotted line (x = 0), three yoz slices are selected along the x direction. The slices represent the three positions of the most central unit (center position of the unit: x = 0 mm, 1/4 position of the unit: x = 13.25 mm, boundary position of the unit: x = 26.5 mm).

thumbnail Fig. 4

(a) Experimental setup of non-resonant near-field system and composite metamaterial with a patterned ferrite. (b) shows the details of composite metamaterial with patterned ferrite.

thumbnail Fig. 5

(a) The shielding effectiveness (SE) obtained by simulation. (b) The SE obtained by experiment.

3 Conclusions

In summary, MNZ media have equivalent diamagnetic properties. The magnetic field distribution on MNZ media is opposite to that on Tx coil, which can be to achieve magnetic shielding effect. However, the magnetic field leakage will occur at the boundary of the resonance unit of the single MNZ media. The ferrite in the composite metamaterial can play the role of shrinking the magnetic field path, making the SE of the composite metamaterial containing ferrite better than that without ferrite. Experimental results show that, compared to a single MNZ media or a single ferrite material, the maximum SE of the composite metamaterial with a patterned ferrite is 20.56 dB, which is nearly 2.3 dB higher than that of the MNZ media without ferrite. And this value is even 19 dB higher than that of a single ferrite slab with the same thickness of the composite metamaterial. Particularly, although the patterned ferrite in the composite metamaterial is only 37.6% of the bulk ferrite, the corresponding SE is significantly improved by 2.7 dB. In summary, both simulation and experimental results show that a composite metamaterial with patterned ferrite can significantly improve SE while greatly reducing the weight and volume of the ferrite at the same time. Therefore, this kind of composite metamaterials would have wide applications in the field of magnetic shielding.

Supplementary Material

Fig. S1. The circuit diagram of metamaterial unit.

Fig. S2. The permeability of the MnZn ferrite material.

Fig. S3. Model diagrams of various schemes used in simulation.

Fig. S4. Shielding effectiveness (SE) measured in the experiment. The distance between TX and RX is 120 mm.

Table S1. The measured SE of a single ferrite slab when the distance between the Tx and Rx coils is 60 mm and the selected frequency is 82.94 kHz.

Table S2. The measured SE of a single ferrite slab when the distance between the Tx and Rx coils is 150 mm and the selected frequency is 82.25 kHz.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0301101), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC; Grant Nos. 12004284, 11974261, 11774261, 91850206, and 61621001), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (Grant Nos. 18JC1410900), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 2019TQ0232 and 2019M661605), and the Shanghai Super Postdoctoral Incentive Program.

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Cite this article as: Xu Chen, Yuqian Wang, Zhiwei Guo, Xian Wu, Fengqing Yang, Yong Sun, Yunhui Li, Haitao Jiang, Hong Chen, Significant enhancement of magnetic shielding effect by using the composite metamaterial composed of mu-near-zero media and ferrite, EPJ Appl. Metamat. 8, 13 (2021)

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1

The schematic diagram of the experimental samples. (a) MNZ media, the total thickness is h. (b) MNZ metamaterial unit. The side length of the unit is L, and the radius of each single disc is r. The width of the copper is w, the gap is g. The pin a and b of the capacitor is connected to the terminal 2 and 3 by soldering, respectively, and the other terminal 1 is connected to the terminal 4. (c) A single ferrite slab. The side length of each bulk is L. The thickness of the slab is 2h. (d) Composite metamaterials with a bulk ferrite. For each ferrite bulk, the side length is L, the thickness is h. (e) Composite metamaterials with a patterned ferrite. For patterned ferrite, the outer length is L, the inner length L1, and the thickness is h. (f) Non-resonant system. The Tx coil is the same as the Rx coil, the outer length is L2, the inner length is L3. The distance between them is S.

In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2

(a) Permeability of the MNZ media. At 86.23 kHz, μ′0.1,  μ″0.02 (zoomed view box). (b) Susceptibility of the MNZ media. At 86.23 kHz, χ′ = − 0.9,  χ″ = 0.02 (zoomed view box). The gray area indicates that the diamagnetic properties start from 83 kHz.

In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3

The scheme of the simulation and the magnetic field results. Since (a) and (c) are non-resonant, the same frequency as (b) was chosen to observe the magnetic field. For other samples, the magnetic field at the frequency of maximum SE is shown. The left side is a scheme of each comparison. Starting from the gray dotted line (x = 0), three yoz slices are selected along the x direction. The slices represent the three positions of the most central unit (center position of the unit: x = 0 mm, 1/4 position of the unit: x = 13.25 mm, boundary position of the unit: x = 26.5 mm).

In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4

(a) Experimental setup of non-resonant near-field system and composite metamaterial with a patterned ferrite. (b) shows the details of composite metamaterial with patterned ferrite.

In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5

(a) The shielding effectiveness (SE) obtained by simulation. (b) The SE obtained by experiment.

In the text

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