Electromagnetic metamaterials for biomedical applications: short review and trends

Special Issue on ‘Metamaterials for Novel Wave Phenomena: Theory, Design and Application in Microwaves’, edited by Sander Mann and Stefano Vellucci

Open Access

Table 1

List of characteristic metamaterial (MM) techniques applied to biomedical antennas in literature since 2018.

Objective	Application	Improvement	MM topology	Ref
Miniaturization and multiple resonances	Communication/wearable	First resonance moved from 1.25 GHz to 0.4 GHz	Complementary Minkowski fractal geometry on radiating element and ground	[41]
Gain enhancement and CP	Communication/implant	3-dB AR bandwidth improved by 6%	H-shaped slot patches on superstrate of high epsilon	[29]
Bandwidth and gain enhancement	Microwave imaging	6 dBi gain enhancement	A radiating element of concentric square rings	[42]
Miniaturization and sensitivity enhancement	Cancerous cell sensor	Miniaturization to λ/10 size	SRR as radiating element and Hilbert fractal curve on ground	[23]
Tissue coupling and focusing	Power transfer to implant	From 0% to 280% efficiency enhancement	Vertically stacked SRRs with capacitors on superstrate	[43]
Tissue coupling and focusing	Power transfer to implant	10 dB improvement in S21	Ring array on superstrate	[44]
Miniaturization and bandwidth enhancement	Microwave imaging	Cut-off frequency from 1.8 GHz to 1.2 GHz	Triple SRRs on substrate and on ground	[45]
Gain enhancement	Biomedical applications	4 dBi gain enhancement	Loop with cross slots on superstrate	[46]
Transmission and sensitivity enhancement	Microwave imaging	8 dB transmission enhancement	Jerusalem crosses on superstrate	[20]
Suppression of backward radiation and maintaining performance when bent	GPS/wearable	Front to back ratio always above 10 dB	AMC ground	[22]
Focusing	Microwave hyperthermia	∼5 dBi gain enhancement	Double SRRs on superstrate	[21]
Achieving CP	Communication/wearable	22.94% 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBB)	Crown-shaped units on superstrate	[25]
Directivity enhancement	Microwave imaging	27% near-field directivity enhancement	Meanders and rods at end-fire antenna's opening	[24]

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