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All issues Volume 6 (2019) EPJ Appl. Metamat., 6 (2019) 8 Full HTML
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EPJ Appl. Metamat.
Volume 6, 2019
Metamaterials Research and Development in China
Article Number 8
Number of page(s) 9
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/epjam/2019001
Published online 18 February 2019

© W.-B. Lu et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2019

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Introduction

Graphene, formed by carbon atoms in hexagonal ring sharp to structure honeycomb lattice, is the two-dimensional material with a thickness of 0.34 nm. The planar hexagon dot array structure of graphene is exhibited in Figure 1a. The carbon atoms are in an sp 2 hybridization state, and each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three others and contribute an electron in P orbit to form the π bond [1–4]. The energy spectrum and energy band diagram of graphene are presented in Figure 1b, the valence band and the conduction band insect at one point (the Dirac point), which is similar to two tapered structures jointed and no gap between them, thus the graphene is also called zero-gap semiconductor [3].

Generally, the graphene can be synthesized through four methods. The first method is mechanical exfoliation of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) which is developed by Geim et al. of the University of Manchester in 2004 [5]. The graphene is firstly peeled from HOPG by the tape, and then transferred to SiO2 substrate. The second method is the epitaxial growth of graphene on silicon carbide (SiC). During the process, graphene layers are formed by heating SiC in high temperature over 1000 °C [6]. In the process of the third method which is the reduction of graphene oxide, the graphene oxide is reduced by reductant to produce uniform films containing monolayer or multilayer graphene [7,8]. The last one is the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The graphene can be split from the carbonaceous gas on the surface of metal with catalytic function, which is the most widely used and most promising method to produce graphene considering compatibility in traditional semiconductor production lines and the needs of large-scale production [9]. A comparison of these methods is given in Table 1 [10,11].

Due to its outstanding mechanical, optical, and electrical properties, the graphene has been widely used for microwave application in recent years [12]. Firstly, as the naturally thinnest material with the light transmittance of 97%–98%, graphene paves the way to make the light and transparent devices [13]. Besides, one of the noticeable characteristic of graphene at microwave frequencies is the possibility to electronically modify its surface impedance, just like the tunable resistance, which provide graphene with opportunities to the application of tunable microwave components [14]. In addition, the graphene also has many other good properties, such as high thermal conductivity [15], high intrinsic strength [16], high electron mobility [17], etc. Owing to these intrinsic excellent characteristics, meanwhile, the CVD synthesis method guarantees the production of the high quality and large-scale graphene films. Hence, the microwave devices based on CVD-grown graphene have been studied widely and constantly [14].

thumbnail Fig. 1

(a) The planar hexagon dot array structure of graphene. (b) The energy spectrum and energy band diagram of graphene.
Table 1

The four methods of graphene synthesis.

2 Attenuators based on CVD-grown graphene

Due to the possibility to electronically modify the surface impedance of graphene at microwave frequencies, graphene can substitute for non-tunable lossy material, such as resistive film. Hence, most attenuators based on CVD-grown graphene for microwave application have an advantage of the tunable characteristic. For the present, the dynamically tunable attenuators based on CVD-grown graphene have been mainly proposed by the Lu et al. In the research of this group, each proposed attenuator is composed of a kind of transmission line and one or several graphene sandwich structures (GSSs) [18–21]. The GSS is a mutually gated graphene capacitor using two monolayer graphene and an ionic liquid electrolyte sandwiched between them [22]. The conductivity of GSS can be dynamically changed with the biased voltage, which leads to the tunable insertion loss of attenuators. Performance comparison of these tunable attenuators based on CVD-grown graphene is listed in Table 2.

In [18], a tunable graphene-based substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) attenuator (GSIWA) operating from 7 to 14.5 GHz has been proposed. Figure 2a presents the geometry of the GSIWA. In the GSIWA, two GSSs, as two conductivity-tunable E-plane septa to dissipate the EM field inside the SIW, are parallelly inserted in the substrate of the SIW along longitudinal direction. When the biased voltage is changed from 0 to 4.0 V, the GSIWA presents the tunable attenuation from 2 to 15 dB with a stable 7.5 GHz wideband. Based on this, a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) attenuator operating at 7.7–19 GHz has been presented [19]. Compared with GSIWA, the fabrication of the HMSIW attenuator was simpler. As exhibited in Figure 2b, this attenuator is composed of two 50 Ω microstrip lines, two taper transitions, an HMSIW and a piece of GSS. The attenuation of HMSIW attenuator can be tuned from 3 to 14 dB continuously with the changing biased voltage.

Since multi-mode EM fields exist in the SIW structure at the high frequency stage, which lead to the bad flatness of attenuation in high frequency band. To overcome the limitation of the SIW structure, the attenuator based on microstrip line, CPW and slot line, which all have an ultra-wideband working frequency band from 9 to 40 GHz, have been proposed in [20,21] subsequently. For the microstrip line structure, as shown in Figure 2c, the two GSSs were placed on both sides of the microstrip line along the direction of EM wave propagation. Figure 2d and e present the geometry of the CPW attenuator and slot line attenuator, respectively, the GSSs are deposited on the CPW or slot line directly. These three attenuators have the same tunable attenuation range from 3 to 15 dB, and the return loss of all maintain the relatively low level in working frequency band.

Table 2

Performance comparison of previously reported attenuators based on CVD-grown graphene.

thumbnail Fig. 2

(a) The configuration of GSIWA. (b) The configuration of HMSIW attenuator. (c) The configuration of attenuator based on microstrip. (d) The configuration of CPW attenuator. (e) The configuration of slot line attenuator.

3 Absorbers based on CVD-grown graphene

The development of transparent or tunable microwave absorbers has been limited until recently by the lack of suitable materials. Graphene may lead to disruptive innovations in such applications. According to the naturally thin, transparent, frequency-independent and tunable resistance properties of the graphene, it can be a good solution for the absorbing film in transparent, wideband and tunable microwave absorbers. In 2014, Wu et al. presented a broadband absorber with 28% relative bandwidth [23]. Figure 3a displays the configuration of this absorber. To realize the broadband characteristic of absorber, multilayer graphene-quartz samples are placed on the top of ground plate, which utilizes a series of a quarter wavelength thick dielectric layers that separate parallel resistive sheets to introduce a mutual coupling of Fabry–Perot resonators over a metallic ground. As shown in Figure 3b, for the 5-unit stacked absorber, approximately 90% absorption can be achieved for 125–165 GHz, which indicates the practical millimeter wave absorber has a 28% fractional absorption bandwidth with the added benefit of optical transparency.

Two years later, four kinds of transparent absorbers with above 80% optical transmittivity were proposed in [24,25] by Wei et al. The earliest proposed absorber by this group, exhibited in Figure 4a, is composed of monolayer graphene, glass and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass as absorbing layer, substrate and reflector layer respectively to form a Salisbury absorber [24]. The measurement results indicate that the absorber can absorb 95% incident power at 14.5 GHz. As shown in Figure 4b, a novel absorber, with the graphene layer patterned with periodic patches to obtain a capacitive and resistive surface, has been presented in [25] subsequently. This absorber possesses the peak absorption coefficient of 0.9 at 12.6 GHz. In order to enhance the absorption, this paper has also displayed a kind of absorber depicted in Figure 4c, which has 100% absorption coefficient at 12.6 GHz. Compared with the structure of previous absorber, in this paper the absorption enhancement of absorber has been realized by placing a metal plate below the FTO layer to reduce the wave penetration. In addition, a broadband absorber is proposed at the end of [25]. The configuration of broadband absorber is shown in Figure 4d, an additional patterned graphene layer is placed at the distance of 7.5 mm above the original graphene film to change the input impedance of the absorber. Taking the absorption of 80% as a reference, this absorber has a 3 GHz bandwidth enhancement compared with the first one presented in this paper.

In 2017, the research group of Wei et al. proposed two kinds of absorbers to predict the possibility of tunable absorbers [26]. The center frequency of the absorbers can be changed by the different surface impedance of graphene (TSR approach) exhibited in Figure 5a or the different numbers of graphene layers (SGM approach) exhibited in Figure 5c due to their influence on the real part and imaginary part of the input impedance of the structure. As shown in Figure 5b and d, the measurement results demonstrate that the two absorbers obtain a center frequency shift range of 0.8 GHz for the TSR absorber and 1.2 GHz for the SGM absorber.

In 2018, Lu et al. introduced two kinds of absorbers with a planar size of 150 mm*150 mm, which is the first time to experimentally realize such a large-area frequency selective surface using CVD-grown multilayer graphene [27]. Figure 6a and b show the absorbers structure and the detail patterns of multilayer graphene which are based on complementary cross-shaped patterns in (Fig. 6a) and Jerusalem cross patterns in (Fig. 6b), respectively. In both structures, the graphene is transferred to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) lay, and then is placed on the top surface of FR4 substrate backed with PEC. Figure 6c and d display the performance of absorbers, the absorption coefficient is changed by different graphene with different surface impedance due to different growth temperature. The absorption coefficient of Type-A increases from below 0.2 to above 0.9 at 13.2 GHz. Type-B absorber behaves as a dual-band absorber when multilayer graphene has low surface impedance and as a broadband absorber when multilayer graphene has high surface impedance.

thumbnail Fig. 3

(a) The configuration of the broadband absorber. (b) Comparison of calculated and measured |S 11| and absorption of stacked graphene–quartz absorbers.
thumbnail Fig. 4

(a) The configuration of the absorber based on graphene. (b) The configuration of the absorber based on patterned graphene. (c) The configuration of the absorber based on patterned graphene with metal plate. (d) The configuration of the absorber with double-layer patterned graphene.
thumbnail Fig. 5

(a) The configuration of absorber based on the approach of tuning surface resistance (TSR) and its unit cell. (b) Measured and simulated absorption coefficients of the TSR absorber under the different surface impedance of graphene. (c) The configuration of absorber based on the approach of stacking graphene metasurface (SGM). (d) Measured and simulated absorption coefficients of the SGM absorber when stacking 1, 2 and 3 graphene films.
thumbnail Fig. 6

(a) The configuration of absorber based on complementary cross-shaped patterns (Type-A). (b) The configuration of absorber based on Jerusalem cross patterns (Type-B). (c) The measured and simulated results of Type-A with different surface impedance of graphene. (d) The measured and simulated results of Type-B with different surface impedance of graphene.

4 Antennas based on CVD-grown graphene

The antennas based on CVD-grown graphene for microwave applications have been less exploited because the surface impedance of graphene produced by CVD synthesis method would be generally high, which results in the low radiation efficiency and gain of antenna. However, considering the tunable resistance property of monolayer graphene and the resistance property of multilayer graphene, it could be a candidate for tunable antenna designs, such as the tunable bandwidth, or use for impedance matching of antenna.

In [28], a tunable slot antenna based on CVD-grown graphene operating from 8 to 12 GHz has been proposed by  Dragoman et al. As displayed in Figure 7a, the antenna is designed based on coplanar waveguide configuration and fabricated on the 4 inch high resistivity silicon wafer, covered by a 300 nm SiO2 layer on which the graphene is transferred. In the geometry of antenna, the rectangular patch made from graphene is located in the center position. The signal strip used for exciting the patch and the ground isolated from the patch by the slot are made of the gold material. Figure 7b depicts that the |S 11| of antenna is shifted up and down when the surface impedance of graphene is changed by the biased voltage. In contrast with the metal antenna at same configuration and operating frequency, this antenna has wide working band, and has the tunable matching characteristic due to the graphene with the variable surface impedance.

In the same year, the same team proposed another kind of tunable slot antenna based on graphene operating from 9.3 to 10.435 GHz (|S 11|<−10 dB) [29]. The configuration of this antenna is exhibited in Figure 8a. Compared with the antenna proposed in [28], the graphene patch, to change the electric field distribution inside the slot, is placed in the slot instead of in the center of the antenna. The measurement results which is displayed in Figure 8b and c prove the antenna has a tunable range of |S 11| about 20 dB and a 7.5 MHz shift of the center frequency.

After a period of time, Wei et al. have proposed a dipole antenna loaded the graphene sheets [30]. The geometry of dipole antenna is displayed in Figure 9a. The two graphene sheets as the load are connected with the both ends of the dipole antenna, respectively. The measurement results of this antenna with graphene and without graphene are shown in Figure 9b, indicating that the graphene can improve the impedance matching of the antenna, in which the band of |S 11|<−10 dB obtains a 14.9% increase with graphene.

thumbnail Fig. 7

(a) The configuration of the tunable microwave slot antenna. (b) Measured |S 11| of antenna in X band with three different bias voltages.
thumbnail Fig. 8

(a) The configuration of the X band slot antenna. (b) Measured |S 11| parameters with different bias voltages. (c) The detailed |S 11| parameters with different bias voltages of the center frequency points.
thumbnail Fig. 9

(a) The configuration of the dipole antenna. Red part is the graphene sheets. (b) Measured |S 11| of the dipole antenna with graphene and without antenna.

5 Other devices based on CVD-grown graphene

Apart from the application for attenuators, absorbers and antennas, the CVD-grown graphene can also be used in EMI shielding or the beam configuration field. In 2016, Wu et al. proposed a transparent electromagnetic shielding enclosure based on CVD-grown graphene [31]. It can be observed from Figure 10 that the monolayer graphene with the surface impedance of 500 Ω/□ on the quartz substrate is attached to an enclosure made of indium tin oxide (ITO). Through the experimental validation of the transmission coefficients (S 21) between the two ports, as shown in Figure 10b, the transmission peak of TE101 and TE201 mode are suppressed by about 10 dB more and 5 dB more respectively while the shielding enclosure maintains good transparency to visible light.

Recently, Lu et al. have presented a novel graphene ribbon structure to realize the beam reconfiguration [32]. Compared to conventional metallic materials, the biggest advantage of graphene is the variable impedance controlled by different doping or growth environment, this novel property really provides a new method to acquire different phase responses with fixed structure. Figure 11a and b exhibit the unit cell of the graphene ribbons and the configuration of the graphene ribbon array. As the paper described, when the surface impedance of graphene in the unit cell is changed from 5 to 2000 Ω/□, the reflection response of unit cell can achieve a phase difference of π and a uniform amplitude at 13 GHz. Based on this feature, different angles of reflected lobes could be realized by properly arranging the graphene ribbon arrays by experimental demonstration, which indicates that the graphene can be a good choice for beam reconfiguration.

thumbnail Fig. 10

(a) The configuration of the transparent electromagnetic shielding enclosure. (b) Simulated and measured transmission coefficients of the metallic enclosure (ME) and ITO transparent enclosure (TE). The status of the two enclosures after graphene (Gr) film and quartz (Qz) imbedded is illustrated.
thumbnail Fig. 11

(a) The configuration of the unit cell of the graphene ribbons. (b) The configuration of the graphene ribbon array.

6 Conclusion

In this paper, we have reviewed the special graphene structure, the four kinds of synthesis methods and the excellent properties in the beginning. Due to the naturally thin, transparent, frequency-independent and tunable resistance properties of the graphene, meanwhile, the CVD synthesis method guarantees the production of the high quality and large-scale graphene films, thus microwave devices based on graphene produced by CVD-grown synthesis method have been studied widely and constantly. This paper has presented an overview of the graphene based on CVD method applied to attenuators, absorbers, antennas, electromagnetic shielding enclosure and beam reconfiguration, which are mainly researched by Chinese scientific groups. From these researches, we can find the huge scientific research potential of this emerging material.

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Cite this article as: Wei-Bing Lu, Hui Chen, Zhen-Guo Liu, A review of microwave devices based on CVD-grown graphene with experimental demonstration, EPJ Appl. Metamat. 6, 8 (2019)

All Tables

Table 1

The four methods of graphene synthesis.

In the text
Table 2

Performance comparison of previously reported attenuators based on CVD-grown graphene.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1

(a) The planar hexagon dot array structure of graphene. (b) The energy spectrum and energy band diagram of graphene.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2

(a) The configuration of GSIWA. (b) The configuration of HMSIW attenuator. (c) The configuration of attenuator based on microstrip. (d) The configuration of CPW attenuator. (e) The configuration of slot line attenuator.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3

(a) The configuration of the broadband absorber. (b) Comparison of calculated and measured |S 11| and absorption of stacked graphene–quartz absorbers.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4

(a) The configuration of the absorber based on graphene. (b) The configuration of the absorber based on patterned graphene. (c) The configuration of the absorber based on patterned graphene with metal plate. (d) The configuration of the absorber with double-layer patterned graphene.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5

(a) The configuration of absorber based on the approach of tuning surface resistance (TSR) and its unit cell. (b) Measured and simulated absorption coefficients of the TSR absorber under the different surface impedance of graphene. (c) The configuration of absorber based on the approach of stacking graphene metasurface (SGM). (d) Measured and simulated absorption coefficients of the SGM absorber when stacking 1, 2 and 3 graphene films.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 6

(a) The configuration of absorber based on complementary cross-shaped patterns (Type-A). (b) The configuration of absorber based on Jerusalem cross patterns (Type-B). (c) The measured and simulated results of Type-A with different surface impedance of graphene. (d) The measured and simulated results of Type-B with different surface impedance of graphene.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 7

(a) The configuration of the tunable microwave slot antenna. (b) Measured |S 11| of antenna in X band with three different bias voltages.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 8

(a) The configuration of the X band slot antenna. (b) Measured |S 11| parameters with different bias voltages. (c) The detailed |S 11| parameters with different bias voltages of the center frequency points.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 9

(a) The configuration of the dipole antenna. Red part is the graphene sheets. (b) Measured |S 11| of the dipole antenna with graphene and without antenna.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 10

(a) The configuration of the transparent electromagnetic shielding enclosure. (b) Simulated and measured transmission coefficients of the metallic enclosure (ME) and ITO transparent enclosure (TE). The status of the two enclosures after graphene (Gr) film and quartz (Qz) imbedded is illustrated.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 11

(a) The configuration of the unit cell of the graphene ribbons. (b) The configuration of the graphene ribbon array.
In the text

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