(a, b) 2D Q factor maps for the TE₁ and TE₂ bands. The color hues denote the Q factors of the eigenmodes. (c, d) Polarization vector distributions of the TE₁ and TE₂ eigenmodes that showcases a topological charge of q = 1. The red line represents C_x = 0, the green line represents C_y = 0, the cyan arrows indicate the direction of the polarization vector, and the purple ring shows the variation trend of the polarization vector direction. (e, f) Stokes parameter S₃ distributions of the TE₁ and TE₂ modes