Arbitrary multi-bit programmable phases (adapted from [29]). (a) Conceptual illustration. (b) Basic illustration of the vector synthesis method in the complex plane for the generation/analysis of multi-bit phases. (c, d) Equivalent phase coverage at the center angular frequency ω _c  = 2πf _c and the first harmonic ω _c  + ω ₀ = 2π (f _c  + f ₀), respectively, for a 2-bit time-coding sequences with length L = 8.